How do feminists view the division of labour

Ap European History Reading Questions-Chapter 15 Free Essays

1. The highest significant explanation behind monetary and social issues that grieved Europe from 1560 to 1650 was an extraordinary swelling in addition to other things. The Spanish domain took huge amounts of gold back to Europe and made the estimation of gold plunge. We will compose a custom exposition test on Ap European History Reading Questions-Chapter 15 or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Since this was a circumstance that Europe had never experienced, they didn’t get it. Increasingly gold should be acceptable, isn't that so? Out of nowhere costs began to ascend for reasons unknown. Additionally in Spain, in contrast to gold, there was almost no silver being delivered at that point and in this manner privateer assaults started to happen. Different issues confronting Europe during this time incorporate, populace decay, plague, monetary fighting, and starvation. Because of every one of these issues, social strain was significantly expanded, all engaged with a â€Å"crisis† within reach. 2. Albeit at first brought about by strict issues, by the mid 1630s the Thirty Years War had become a dynastic clash between two Catholic forces; France and the Hapsburgs. As the Battle of the Boyne and the Jacobite risings the ’15 and the ’45 in Scotland were legitimately connected to strict thoughts that the TYW was the last strict war in Europe are consequently mixed up. Extremely, a progressively precise name for the Thirty Years’ War would be, ‘The first present day war’ would be increasingly exact. New strategies, arrangements, gear and techniques were presented in European armed forces which were broadly received inside 10 years by practically all armed forces and all further evolved throughout the following not many decades. 3. The Military Revolution alludes to an extreme change in military technique and strategies with coming about significant changes in government. The idea was presented by Michael Roberts during the 1950s as he concentrated on Sweden 1560â€1660 scanning for significant changes in the European method of war brought about by presentation of convenient guns. Roberts connected military innovation with bigger recorded results, contending that developments in strategies, drill and principle by the Dutch and Swedes 1560â€1660, which boosted the utility of guns, prompted a requirement for increasingly prepared soldiers and in this way for changeless powers. These adjustments thusly had major political outcomes in the degree of managerial help and the gracefully of cash, men and arrangements, delivering new money related requests and the production of new legislative organizations. In this way, contended Roberts, the advanced craft of war made conceivable †and important †the production of the cutting edge state. † 4. Ladies were seen as being profoundly more fragile than men, and increasingly vulnerable to devilish impact, and this implied ladies would in general be associated with being witches significantly more frequently than men. Be that as it may, this was not a steady example found all through Europe. In certain distr icts, there were a larger number of men indicted for black magic than ladies, in the Lorraine area of France for instance, and in Iceland, where the dominant part of feelings were of men. Generally speaking however, about 75% of those executed for black magic were ladies. So at last what this recommends about ladies in the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years is that ladies were not so significant as men in the public arena during this time. 5. Absolutism relates to an absolutist state, where all force, or power is made in the ruler. These rulers professed to have divine right, which means they managed by the finesse of God and were capable just to God. Be that as it may, these total rulers regarded the fundamental rules that everyone must follow. They controlled intrigue bunches inside their regions and made administrations also, in which the workplaces held open/state positions, guiding the economy to the advantage of the lord. Total rulers likewise kept lasting standing militaries and made new strategies for impulse. Louis XIV of France was a forceful expansionist. He followed in the strides of Cardinal Richelieu in that perspective. His international strategies were primarily against the Habsburg dynasty’s power and the responsibility for talking domains by countries other than France. Henceforth, his international strategies included numerous wars. He assumed control over the Spanish Netherlands and a portion of the United Provinces of Holland, and Franche-Comte. Nonetheless, his forceful advances made partnerships be framed against him which incorporated the Habsburg areas of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Holland in the entirety of their manifestations. In the long run, Louis XIV couldn't crush the coalitions, and some obtained domains were lost again in bargains, even French settlements. 6. The rule of Peter the Great denoted the development of an unequivocal Russian impact in European issues, an impact that would last into the twenty-first century. It was Peter who introduced present day Russia’s vivacious and forceful international strategy against its three neighboring states, Sweden, Poland, and the Ottoman Empire. Through the Great Northern War (1700-1721), he conclusively broke Sweden’s incomparability in the Baltic, while his wars against the Ottoman Turks and his obstruction in the inward undertakings of Poland set points of reference that later Russian rulers would follow in ensuing decades. These incredible steps made by Russia in Eastern Europe were to a significant degree the aftereffect of Peter’s broad program of changes, which contacted all features of Russian life. 7. In spite of the fact that it might sound unusual, it was Napoleon who was significantly liable for the change of Brandenburg-Prussia. Napoleon attacked half of Europe and furthermore the most German states. Just East Prussia stayed free and turned into the pioneer in the â€Å"Befreiungskrieg† (Freedom war) against France. It was this war against Napoleon 1812-1815 that made a typical German national inclination. This change is as yet clear in present day society of Germany today. 8. In the later fifteenth century-the time of the ‘refoundation of the Crown’, in Sir John’s Fortescue’s express there was a stamped change in the structure of legislative issues and henceforth in the nature and job of group additionally; a governmental issues of numerous focuses turned into a legislative issues of one. In any case, in the weakly odd handle of Henry IV the government had plunged into being one honorable group among many-and not really the most grounded. The reality got show from 1456 when the King deserted the legislature of the realm: the court pulled back from London to Coventry in the core of the Lancastrian terrains, and the national incomes were occupied from the Exchequer and utilized legitimately like the salary of some other master to pay for the imperial family unit and the illustrious retainers. Henry was currently just successfully Duke of Lancaster and he was soon to free that. 9. The fundamental issue was a contradiction between the ruler and Parliament about who had extreme political force. Lord Charles put stock in Divine Right, the possibility that he was top dog since God needed him to be. Further, as the king’s power was natural, no natural force or individual could fairly expel it from him. Parliament considered themselves to be the chosen agents of the People and hence accepted they ought to have extreme political power, much over the lord. Along these lines, when Charles required cash, Parliament would decline to coordinate except if Charles tended to supposed maltreatment of his capacity first. This consistently prompted political halt, and in the long run to common war. Puritans assumed responsibility for Parliament’s war exertion during the First English Civil War, and by 1646 and the finish of the war outrageous Puritans known as Independents had assumed responsibility for the military, The NMA. Utilizing the NMA as his influence base, Oliver Cromwell had the option to scare Parliament into the execution of Charles I, The cancelation of the Monarchy, and the foundation of the Commonwealth. The fundamental change was that, on the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Parliament guaranteed that the King had an ensured yearly pay that was sufficient both to live off his own, and pay for the normal costs of state and costs. 10. The Dutch Republic, formally known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, going before the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and eventually the advanced Kingdom of the Netherlands. Elective names incorporate the United Provinces Federated Dutch Provinces and Dutch Federation. 11. Craftsmanship mirrored the political and public activity of the second 50% of the seventeenth century principally through characteristic, which reflected condition endeavor to separate renaissance standards. Elaborate in any case, reflected quest for power and simply the will to control all individuals during that time. At that point, writing reflected political and public activity during this time through composing research on another sort of stage, known as the â€Å"golden phase of writing. † Literature was a significant segment of this timeframe likewise in that in was a period of numerous extraordinary dramatizations and writers, for example, the still-adulated today, William Shakespeare. 12. Types of government vary broadly dependent fair and square of lawful self-sufficiency the ruler holds in administration, the technique for determination of the ruler, and any foreordained cutoff points on the length of their residency. At the point when the ruler has no or barely any legitimate limitations in state and political issues, it is called a flat out government and is a type of despotism. Cases in which the monarch’s watchfulness is officially constrained (most basic today) are called protected governments. In innate governments, the workplace is gone through legacy inside a family gathering, while elective governments are chosen by some arrangement of casting a ballot. Generally these frameworks are most normally joined, either officially or casually, in some way. For example, in some chosen governments just those of ce

How to Acquire and Manage Your Affiliates

How to Acquire and Manage Your Affiliates © Shutterstock.com | Bakhtiar ZeinThis article about affiliate marketing focuses on 1) a brief introduction to affiliate marketing, 2) how to create a successful affiliate marketing program, 3) how to acquire affiliates, and 4) how to manage and keep affiliates.AFFILIATE MARKETING: A BRIEF INTRODUCTIONWho is an Affiliate?In the most general sense of the word, an affiliate is someone who helps to promote or market a product or a service to potential clients or customers and receives a commission on the sale whenever it occurs. In electronic commerce, an affiliate is a firm or an entity which is responsible for selling the products of another merchant on its website or blog page. When a sale is made on that website, then the sale amount is transferred to the principal’s site who then passes a commission to the affiliate.The term affiliate is mostly used in online retailing where the relationship between the company and the affiliate is known as affiliate marketing. As a good example , Amazon has affiliates who are known as Amazon Affiliates. These associates sell on the website of Amazon and Amazon gets a percentage of the sale price for its fee.What is Affiliate marketing?Affiliate marketing is the term used to refer to a kind of a performance-based marketing in which a business or a company acquires affiliates and then rewards those affiliates for each sales that they make or for each customer that they bring in for the company through their marketing efforts. In the industry, there are 4 key players: the network, the merchant, the publisher and the customer. In this scenario, the publisher is the affiliate who may sometimes work for affiliate management agencies or super affiliates. Some of the methods that affiliates use in order to promote or market products over the internet or their website include email marketing, content marketing, paid search engine marketing, search engine optimization, etc.Mainly, there are two major ways to approach affiliate marke ting, and they are:The first way is to offer an affiliate program to others. In this way, the main goal is to find affiliates who’ll reach untapped markets.The second way is to sign up to become another business’s affiliate. In this case, you will receive a commission for every sale or lead you produce.Different types of affiliate program commission payment modelsThere are three basic types of affiliate program comission payment and they are given as follows:Cost per sale (pay per sale): This is the arrangement in which the merchant site pays an affiliate when the affiliate sends them a customer who purchases something. This is the method that Amazon follows to in its affiliate program. Amazon pays the affiliate either a certain percentage of the sale and others may pay a fixed amount per sale.Cost per lead (pay per lead): In such a case, companies pay their affiliates on the basis of the number of visitors they refer who sign up as leads. This case is valid is visitors sign up or fill out forms, etc. and become sales lead for the merchant in some way.Cost per click (pay per click): This is the third method of payment in which the merchant site pays the affiliate on the basis of the number of visitors who click on links to enter the website of the merchant. In such a case, the amount paid to the affiliate is not dependent on whether the customer buys or not.HOW TO CREATE A SUCCESSFUL AFFILIATE PROGRAM?There are many different kinds of affiliate programs available on the web these days, and it is important for you to make yours stand out and catch attention. Only when you have created a successful campaign, you can expect to get responses from professional affiliate marketers. The following are some of the tips to create a successful affiliate program:Define a niche marketYou can’t aim to and sell everything to everyone. If you try to do so, you will most probably fail in your efforts. Thus in order to create a successful affiliate program, you need to de termine a niche market and figure out who your audiences are. You need to target a certain segment of the audiences to aim to sell your products to and then point your marketing methods to them.Find niche partnersNow that you have defined a niche market and done your research, you will need to find websites that have viewers interested in your niche market. You need to find partners who have already come up with a decent traffic and would benefit from your affiliate order. You must create an offer that is not just beneficial for you but also for the partners.Develop a creative offerYou must offer your affiliate partners with creative and compelling material and offer because you must make their job of marketing as simple as possible. They less work they have to do and the more responses they see may want them to promote your products in the future as well.Look for new affiliatesJust because you have earned a few good and promising partners, doesn’t mean that you can be casual and rest. You continually have to be on a lookout for more affiliate programs as you never know when the existing ones will decide to quit or ship. Actively recruit new ones to create a buffer and to save yourself.Consider your partners and their needsMake sure that you take care of your partners by continuously communicate with them and sending them regular updates.ACQUIRING AFFILIATESAcquiring affiliates is a very challenging task, no matter how good your products or services are. One must follow the right path in order to recruit the affiliates. There are two major ways to do so, and they include finding or contacting affiliates yourself or give them incentives to join the program. The following are a few tips to do so:Opt for paid ad programs in search enginesAnother superb way to acquire affiliates is to run paid advertising campaigns which is through the method of pay per click campaigns and working on search engine optimization. This is a method that can produce large quantities of affiliate sign ups. This method requires you to have a landing page on your website so that on them you can explain the affiliates the benefits of joining your program.BenefitsThis method can help businesses and companies recruit a large number of affiliates;Several different types of niches of affiliates are available more easily, and this is yet another benefit of using this method.DisadvantagesThis method may involve a large amount of time and money;This method must be performed and managed very professionally to see positive results.Be part of affiliate networksJoin an affiliate network is one of the best and easiest ways to acquire affiliates. There are several software affiliate networks that you can join as they give you a lot of exposure to affiliate members and are an opportunity to promote your products. Before joining a network, you must compare the following points:The number of affiliates present;The average conversion rate;The various features offered.There are both advantages and disadvantages of joining affiliate networks, and they are:BenefitsThe time spent on such a method is very less;You get a lot more exposure;Little to worry in case something doesn’t turn out well.DisadvantagesSome affiliate networks may charge fees to join or to use some special features.Be a part of affiliate communitiesIt is important to be part of discussion boards and communities in order to be a good marketer and get in touch with more affiliates. These communities offer you the opportunity to interact with potential affiliates. Such communities also enable you to identify affiliates and see their problems by interacting with them.BenefitsMinimum costs are involved to opt for this method of acquiring affiliates, and this is one of its main benefits;More exposure to the affiliate forums and community is also provided;You can know the issues of the affiliates and then solve them and thus become more appealing to them.DisadvantagesThese channels may not permit exp licit advertising as they don’t promote or market certain products or services, and this is one of their major disadvantages.These channels may involve large sums of time spent on forums and boards, and this is another disadvantage.Be an active part of events all around the worldAnother direct approach includes taking part at special affiliate events that are held all over the world. One example of such an event is the Affiliate Summit. This event gathers a lot of attention as it gathers a lot of affiliates to an affiliate marketing conference.BenefitsThese types of events help to confront your potential affiliates as there is the convenience of being able to select them more thoroughly.This is a way to present your affiliate program in a much better and friendly manner.One usually is able to get good quality affiliates to promote your products and services.DisadvantagesThe cost of attending such events is one of their biggest drawbacks.The time that one must give in order to be p art of such events is yet another disadvantage of following this method of acquiring affiliates.Establish direct communication and contact with the affiliatesAnother way to acquire affiliates is to contact the affiliates directly. There are many ways recognize software affiliates and some of them include:Do a keyword search on your product and check which websites have a good ranking on the keywords that define your application and then try to persuade them to become your affiliates.Do a keyword search for the products of your competitors and check which websites sell those products.Do a regular search by including some extra phrases or long tails on keywords like ‘buy’, ‘purchase’, etc.BenefitsThere are no costs involved in this method of acquiring affiliates, and this is why reason why people may want to follow this approach.This is more of a personal approach, and this is one of its benefits as well.DisadvantagesNo answers are guaranteed in this kind of method of acquirin g affiliates, and this is one of the reasons why it may not be opted for by some people.In some cases, affiliates tend to forget you and may not get your partnership proposal as they may be labeled as spam.MANAGING AFFILIATESSo you have come up with the best product and managed to acquire good affiliates. But the entire process of affiliate marketing depends greatly upon one more factor, and that is managing your acquired affiliates. If you have a lot of affiliates working with you, then you will need to monitor each of their activities daily and communicate with them when needed. You must be aware of how the affiliates are marketing your products, and this only happens with constant monitoring. The following are the top 5 ways to manage affiliates:1.     Get the best tracking you can buy or buildYou must confirm the source of each sale made by the affiliate on your products because you need to pay a part of the earnings to them. While some businesses have cookie system in place to track customers, others may just use self-monitoring methods. Whatever system you use for this purpose must be transparent and should help you accurately know the details of every sale. Having a good tracking data will protect you in case the record of your affiliate does not match your own. A database administrator must always be backing you.2.     Know how much you can spend per leadBefore you start negotiating with your customer about the amount or percentage that you will pay him, you must know the revenue and margin details. Often, the selling cost and buying cost figures are not to set apart and in such a case, you will not be making a huge profit. Hence promising a huge share to the affiliate in such a scenario will leave nothing for you. Thus, you must know how much you can spend per lead. Early planning is essential to keep your margin positive even at a high sales velocity. Also, if you own a subscription product, you must be aware of the average time period the subscriber will be subscribed and how much he will be paying per month. This understanding will be able to provide you the maximum amount of profitability.The idea is to be completely in the game, have all figures worked out and a clear future plan in mind.3.     Know where your affiliate partners are advertisingIt is possible for you to have already invested in different types of marketing schemes or methods like paid search marketing, direct marketing, etc. But it is a good idea to know where your affiliate partners are advertising. This is yet another superb way to manage your affiliates and keep them well monitored. If affiliates are not managed properly, then, advertising networks might start competing for copyrights, trademarks, and keywords, etc. They may end up getting a better search engine ranking than your company site. This means you will end up paying for something that was actually for free. Hence, it is better to set up a few simple rules about what your affiliate can do and wh ere he can advertize.4.     Measure results dailyAnother great way to manage your affiliates is to track and measure results on an everyday basis. Even with a solid affiliate partner, there can be problems with data at times. Thus comparing their data with your tracking data becomes very crucial. Not all, your affiliates or partner sites will be as transparent as they must be, and it is very important to see if there are any bad or good trends in the sales data by the affiliate. If you measure the results every day, you will be able to study a few trends and then improve upon the way you and your affiliate function.5.     Build good relationshipsAffiliate relationships are trusted relationships. They work like any other business relationships and like in those cases, it is important to maintain and build good relationships in these as well. Since you are buying services, you must pay your affiliates in a timely manner. You must work with the finance department to understand how much you can spend. You must set up payment terms that are reasonable, and you must also make your affiliates agree with you on that amount figure. Also, you must set up a schedule and manner of working and get your affiliate to agree to that working schedule or style.You will need to spend time to cultivate a good working relationship and cut all kinds of non-profitable dead weight partners as these may just be wasting your time and your money. Rather, find ways to acquire new ones and get a better return through their help.

Abstinence Only Sex Education Essays - 2119 Words

Where in the first world would one expect the teen pregnancy rate to be the highest? Surprisingly, it is the United States that has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any first world country, more than double the rate of twenty other first world countries and almost ten times greater than that of Switzerland. While some of the disparity can be attributed to factors such as income inequality, the presence of abstinence only education has a major impact on birth and STD rates in the United States in comparison to other countries with more comprehensive programs. It is clear that this difference in approaches has a significant effect, and the United States needs to act to ensure the health of its citizens. Urgent actions are necessary†¦show more content†¦Federal funding has played a large role in this increase, as monetary incentives have been the driving force behind much of the change. To put it in numbers, the amount of federal dollars going to schools that adopted abstinen ce only programs almost tripled in the seven years between 1998 and 2005, increasing from 60 to 168 million dollars a year (Santelli, 75). And among United States school districts that changed their policies, twice as many chose to adopt a curriculum that more heavily focused on abstinence only until marriage as moved towards a more comprehensive program (Landry). This disturbing statistic shows how effective the religious right has been in pushing abstinence only programs in face of a dearth of evidence as to their effectiveness. This effectiveness is mainly due to intense lobbying funded by individuals and organizations on the far right. One man, Raymond Ruddy, has personally put 1.5 million dollars towards advocacy and lobbying for abstinence only programs (Eaton). While lobbying like this commonly happens on both sides of the aisle, in this case public opinion goes against what people like Raymond Ruddy say is necessary. According to a recent study, Ninety-eight percent of paren ts say they want HIV/AIDS discussed in sex education classes; 85% want how to use condoms discussed; 84% think sex education should cover how to use and where to get other birth control, and 76% wantShow MoreRelatedShould Sex Education Be Taught? Abstinence Only Education?1397 Words   |  6 PagesSexual education in schools has become a highly controversial topic over the past few years. Some people believe students should be taught abstinence-only education, while others believe students need the full on â€Å"sex talk†. While the sex education controversy may seem silly, it is very important that students receive the most efficient education possible. When it comes to education parents want their children to receive the most effective kind. This is also very true in terms of sex education. SexRead More Abstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive Sex Education Essay2397 Words   |  10 Pagesthe early 1980s the issue of sex education for American youth has had the attention of the nation. There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nation’s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teaching abstinence-only until marriage is the best methodRead MoreAbstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive-Based Sex Education1301 Words   |  5 PagesAbstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive-Based Sex Education Sexual Education is a controversial topic and many people have pushed for abstinence-only programs. The United States has alarmingly high rates of teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence when compared to other advanced countries. Even though there may be minimal differences in the amount of sexual activity in other countries, the U.S. still prevails in high rates of teenage pregnancy, births and abortions (KohlerRead MoreEssay on Abstinence-Only Sex Education does work.1332 Words   |  6 PagesAbstinence-only Sex Education does work. Teenage sexual activity has sparked an outcry within the nation. With such activity comes a high price. Studies have shown that there has been a significant rise in the number of children with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), emotional and psychological problems, and out-of-wedlock childbearing. Sex has always been discussed publically by the media, television shows, music and occasionally by parents and teachers in educational context. Teens hear themRead More Sex Education in Schools: Abstinence-Only Programs Essay2013 Words   |  9 PagesSex Education in Schools: Abstinence-Only Programs Teenage sexual activity is a major problem confronting the nation and has led to a rising incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and teenage pregnancy. The existence of HIV/AIDS has given a sense of urgency to the topic of sex education. The issue of sex education in schools especially in the formative years has been a subject of intense debate among parents, school officials, health scientists and religious authorities worldwideRead MoreShould Abstinence Only Sex Education?869 Words   |  4 Pagesused sex education approach follows the beliefs of the church (Delamater, J. D. Lecture 9/29/14). The sex negativity of the Christian tradition stems from the philosophies of Stoicism and Neo-Platonism which both enforce that sex is solely for procreation. (Delamater, 2014, p. 483) The Christian belief that abstinence is the only moral way to avoid STIs and pregnancy has led to the incorporation of abstinence-only sex education courses in schools. The myth that abstinenc e-only sex education causesRead MoreShould Abstinence Only Sex Education?928 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was in the eighth grade, I remember attending a sex education course. At the young impressionable age of fourteen, I listened quietly as the lecturer showed us grotesque pictures of sexually transmitted infections and warned us that abstinence was the only effective way to not get pregnant. At the end of lecture, everyone at the assembly was handed a little card that read, â€Å"Virginity Pledge† and we were all required to sign them. Looking back on this memory, I am appalled by the severe lackRead MoreAbstinence Only Sexual Education Vs. Inclusive Sex Education Essay2399 Words   |  10 PagesAbstinence-Only Sexual Education vs. Inclusive Sexual Education In 1981, the Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) was signed into law by President Reagan. Through the act, the federal government first invested in sexual education programs, all of which encouraged â€Å"chastity and self-discipline.† After this came the Title V abstinence-only-until-marriage program, which was created in 1996 as part of the welfare reform legislation. Finally, the Community-Based Abstinence Education (CBAE), was created inRead MoreSex Education Is More Beneficial Than Abstinence Only Education1404 Words   |  6 Pagessometimes in every day life sex education is a topic on people’s minds. Whether this topic is taught in detail rather than in avoidance of the action is the debate we need to have. It is almost impossible to go all of our lives without being exposed to some level of education of sexual activity. Sometimes that education is associated with positivity and other times it is comparable to the sin of all sins. Sex education is more beneficial than abstinence only education because those taught to avoidRead MoreTeenage Pregnancies And Std Contraction1342 Words   |  6 Pagesin rates of teenage pregnancies and STD contraction. What is it about the US and its approach to sexual education that produces such numbers amongst its youth? The prevailing sexuality education system in the US is abstinence-only sex education programs. Abstinence-only-until-marriage education in schools is highly destructive to its students in multiple ways. Abstinence-only sexuality education does more harm to students than good, and is shown to have adverse effects on its students. The CDC Youth

The Battle Of Massachusetts Bay Colony - 896 Words

In the early 1600s, colonies such as Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maryland, were built on various religious principles. In addition to the colonist focus on gaining their independence and having the freedom to live as they chose; away for England s ruling. However, religion was a major battle for those upcoming settlements. Many had their own perception of what they thought was the truth about the Bible and if anyone opposed their belief, harm was due to them. Around this time, many searched earnestly for the truth, so to find it, they came up with different denominations of Christianity such as Puritans, Protestants, and Catholic. These religions drifted away from Biblical principles and turned to what individuals chose to believe and/or not believe. By this, colonies of Rhode Island, Maryland, and Massachusetts were built and greatly influenced by such beliefs. In Massachusetts, John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, told his fellow Puritans that they were a chosen people on a divine mission (Tindall 71). Which led them to the desire of wanting to set an example for England of what godly people looked like. Winthrop was a man who believed in leading religiously and in order; not democratically. By this, if you were a Dissenter, religions such as Quakers or Catholics, you were persecuted and sometimes it lead to death. Those who weren’t Puritan’s had very few rights and one would be the right to vote (Tindall 73). The government of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Pageant Chapter 31102 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700    The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Martin Luther  .   He declared that the Bible alone was the source of Gods words.   He started the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin   He spelled out his doctrine in 1536 called  Institutes of the Christian Religion.   He formed  Calvinism.   King Henry VIII formed the Protestant Church.   There were a few people who wanted to see the process of taking Catholicism out of England occur more quicklyRead MorePrimary Cause Of The Pequot War701 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The main events surrounding the Pequot War occurred between 1637 and 1638. The parties involved were the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies along with Native Americans from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes against the Pequot tribe.†1633 the Dutch negotiated a treaty to settle on the Connecticut River with the Pequot. Within a year after that, in 1634, the Pequot and Narragansett battles on the Connecticut River periodically. Two generals were killed at that time, and later they figured outRead MoreThe Causes of American Revolution Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Revolution was a conflict between 13 British colonies on the eastern seaboard of North America and their parent country, Great Britain. The war resulted in the colonies becoming a separate nation, the United Stated of Am erica. It is also known as the American War of Independence. The Seven Years War left Great Britain with the expensive responsibility of administering newly acquired territory in North America. The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765 to raise revenueRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War And Defeat Great Britain852 Words   |  4 PagesWe as Americans represent this event in celebrating Independence Day. On July 4th of every year Americans celebrate the departure and independence we obtained from Great Britain. It was the British who controlled and basically owned the Thirteen Colonies of North America in which we now know as the United States. Making the lives of American citizens miserable and unable to bare the bondage from the rules, regulations, and tariffs brought on by the British could no longer be tolerated. If all menRead MoreJohn Winthrop s The Puritan1610 Words   |  7 Pages Winthrop wanted to purify the church; however, the government in England made this particularly hard and eventually this is what led to Winthr op leaving England for the New World to solve the Puritan Dilemma. The Puritan Dilemma was a figurative battle between the Church of England and the Puritan religion. It was also a real threat with opposing religions that would come and threaten the Puritans way of life. John Winthrop recognized these problems and sought to remedy them. In the early 1600’sRead More Native Americans Essays603 Words   |  3 Pages In the early days of English settlement in the American colonies, the Indian-European relationship of each area was the determining factor in the survival of the newly established colonies. By working together and exchanging methods of food production and survival, an English colony could maintain its population and continue to support the arrival of new settlers. However, a colony that had trouble maintaining ties with their Indian neighbors had a tough time attracting settlers and adapting toRead MoreAmerican Revolution - Summary Essay example939 Words   |  4 PagesFour workers are shot by British troops stationed in Boston. The American Patriots labeled the killings The Boston Massacre. 1773- Massachusetts patriots dressed as Mohawk Indians protest the British Tea Act by dumping crates of tea into the Boston Harbor. The British Tea Act was when the British increased the taxes on tea that were shipped to the colonies. 1774- Benjamin Franklin and the First Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia. 1775- Shots are fired at Lexington and ConcordRead MoreEvents Of The American Revolution1264 Words   |  6 Pagestook place in Europe, India and North America. The English and French fought for the total control of the colonies in North America, the Caribbean, and in India. While the English ended up winning the war, they were left with a debt so enormous it almost destroyed the British government. One of the ways the British government tried to shrink their debt was by collecting taxes from the colonies in America. One of the first taxes was the Sugar Act, which imposed taxes on sugar. Although resented, theRead MoreHow Did America Become America?1628 Words   |  7 Pagesall for the thirteen colonies, but the colonies began differently in the north, middle, and south. 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Bd Railway Free Essays

Organization Behavior of Bangladesh Railway In: Social Issues Organization Behavior of Bangladesh Railway An Assignment ON Organization behavior Submitted To: Dr. Syeda Lasna Kabir Associate Professor Dept. of Public Administration University of Dhaka. We will write a custom essay sample on Bd Railway or any similar topic only for you Order Now Submitted By: Md. Rajvi Hasan Roll No: MM–098 4th Year; 7th Semester Dept. of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Submission Date: 16th May 2011. Assignment topic A Research on Bangladesh Railway [pic] ? Introduction: Roads Railways Division is one of the important Divisions in the Government under the Ministry of Communication. Ministry of Communication comprises two Divisions, 1. Roads Railways Division and 2. Bridges Division. Roads Railways Division shoulders a vast task and plays a vital role in socio-economic development of our country. It governs the Departments/Organizations which are playing very important roles in building our new nation. These are : (1) Roads Highways Department (RHD), (2) Bangladesh Railway, (3) Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), (4) Bangladesh Road Transport corporation (BRTC), (5) Dhaka Transport Co-ordination Board and (6) The office of the Government Inspector of Bangladesh Railways (GIBR). The principal motto of this Division is to ensure improvement of socio-economic condition of the people of our country through formulating policies regarding roads, road transports and railways and through construction, development, expansion and maintenance of environment-friendly and user-friendly integrated roads and railway transportation. Bangladesh Railway (BR) is the state-owned rail transport agency of Bangladesh. It operates and maintains the entire railway network of the country. Railway operation in today’s Bangladesh began on November 15, 1862 when 53. 11 kilometers of 5  ft  6  in  (1,676  mm) (broad gauge) line were opened for traffic between Darsana and Jagiti. The next 14. 98 kilometers 1,000  mm  (3  ft  3  3? 8  in) (meter gauge) line was opened for traffic on 4 January 1885. In 1891, the construction of then Bengal Assam Railway was taken up by the British Government assistance but that was later on taken over by the Bengal Assam Railway Company. On 1 July 1895, two sections of meter gauge lines were opened between Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149. 89 kilometers and between Laksam and Cahndpur, a length of 50. 89 kilometers. Railway Companies formed in England took up the construction and operation of these sections in middle and late 19th century. At time of the partition of India in 1947, Bengal-Assam Railway was split up and the portion of the system, about 2,603. 92 kilometers fell within the boundary of then East Pakistan and control remained with the central Government of Pakistan. Later with the effect from 1 February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Eastern Railway. Then in 1962, the control of Pakistan Eastern Railway was transferred from the Central Government to the Government of East Pakistan and placed under the management of a Railway Board with the effect from the financial year 1962-63 by the presidential Order of 9 June 1962. As of 2005, the total length of railroad is 2,855 kilometres. Of that, 660  km are broad gauge tracks (mostly in the western region), 1,830  km are metre gauge tracks (mostly in the central and eastern regions) and 365  km are dual gauge tracks The gauge problem is being tackled by adding third rails to the most important broad and metre gauge routes, so that they become dual gauge. A major road-rail bridge at Jamuna opened in 1998 to connect the previously detached east and west rail networks. On March 2008, the broad gauge reached Dhaka, the national capital. Funding is being sought to upgrade the network and transform Bangladesh Railway into a profitable business. BR exceeded its target revenue earnings in the fiscal year 2007-2008. Bangladesh Railway provides various types of services ranging from shuttle service for university students to freight and cargo service. But still BR could not make profit as it is providing services to the nation at a subsidised rate in order to help the country’s economy and for the ease of people. Objective: The objectives of this study are 1) To understand evaluate the departmentalization of the BR. 2) To know the Spam of Control system of this organization. 3) To analyze the applicability of the theory of ‘Job Specialization’ in this selected organization. Rationale of the study: We have to overview the internal coordinating mechanism, internal environment the technology, age and the size of the organization. Because without knowing these features we can’t evaluate an organization’s hierarchy, efficiency, working environment in true sense. Research Question: The questions which will lead us to the research: 1. How does the span of control will work in BR? 2. What is the departmentalization of BR? 3. How job specialization is occurred? Hypothesis: On which the research are based on: 1. If it is a bureaucratic structure then the job specialization, departmentalization will be strict. . If it is a matrix structure, then job specialization, departmentalization will be much flexible than the previous one Research Methodology: 1. Content Analysis which is most common method for all types of research. The related books, publications, newspapers, internet sources etc have given information about the total scenario of the organiz ation. 2. I have interviewed few officials to understand the situation of that org. Area of focus: The area we are focusing on: Bangladesh Railway Head Office, Top khana, Dhaka. And, Bangladesh Railway Administrative Building, Kamlapur, Dhaka. Limitations of the study: 1. I had very little time to complete this study. 2. I did not have enough experience to do such studies. 3. As the data are collected from key informants at their working hours, there is chance of not receiving exact accurate information 4. I faced non cooperation from some of the employees. †¢ Chapterization: 1. Introduction: The railway department is a semi-autonomous organization under the The Ministry of Communications. This study intends to find out the internal coordinating mechanism, how does it cope with the external environment. The whole system of communication, tasks, coordinating mechanism prevails around organizational structure. Job specialization departmentalization are the two vital features of organization. And these two are hugely depended on that. If it follows a bureaucratic structure, then the job specialization departmentalization will be as rigid as the bureaucracy. And if it follows a matrix structure, then it will be more open to the environment. 2. Theoretical Framework: In this study, we will try to define these with the following theories: Job Specialization: The method of job specialization involves breaking down a task to its lowest level and designing jobs around each part. This creates specialization, expertise, and improved quality. Job specialization design in the workplace is frequently seen in manufacturing and assembly lines where a worker focuses on one specific task and ability during the entire work shift. The task frequently repeats all day long. Specialization is the process of performing a certain task which makes a person be in limited in performing other activities out of work she/he is specializes purposely. Job descriptions are written statements that describe the: †¢ duties, †¢ responsibilities, †¢ most important contributions and outcomes needed from a position, †¢ required qualifications of candidates, and †¢ Reporting relationship and coworkers of a particular job. Job descriptions are based on objective information obtained through job analysis, an understanding of the competencies and skills required to accomplish needed tasks, and the needs of the organization to produce work. Job descriptions clearly identify and spell out the responsibilities of a specific job. Job descriptions also include information about working conditions, tools, equipment used, knowledge and skills needed, and relationships with other positions. The best job descriptions are living, breathing documents that are updated as responsibilities change. The best job descriptions do not limit employees, but rather, cause them to stretch their experience, grow their skills, and develop their ability to contribute within their organization. Departmentalization: Departmentalization refers to the process of grouping activities into departments. Division of labor creates specialists who need coordination. This coordination is facilitated by grouping specialists together in departments. The main types of departmentalization are- †¢ Functional departmentalization – Grouping activities by functions performed. Activities can be grouped according to function (work being done) to pursue economies of scale by placing employees with shared skills and knowledge into departments for example human resources, IT, accounting, manufacturing, logistics, and engineering. Functional departmentalization can be used in all types of organizations. †¢ Product departmentalization – Grouping activities by product line. Tasks can also be grouped according to a specific product or service, thus placing all activities related to the product or the service under one manager. Each major product area in the corporation is under the authority of a senior manager who is specialist in, and is responsible for, everything related to the product line. LA Gear is an example of company that uses product departmentalization. Its structure s based on its varied product lines which include women’s footwear, children’s footwear and men’s’ footwear. †¢ Customer departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of common customers or types of customers. Jobs may be grouped according to the type of customer served by the organization. The assumption is that customers in each department have a common set of problems and ne eds that can best be met by specialists. The sales activities in an office supply firm can be broken down into three departments that serve retail, wholesale and government accounts. Geographic departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of territory. If an organization’s customers are geographically dispersed, it can group jobs based on geography. For example, the organization structure of Coca-Cola has reflected the company’s operation in two broad geographic areas – the North American sector and the international sector, which includes the Pacific Rim, the European Community, Northeast Europe, Africa and Latin America groups. †¢ Process departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of product or service or customer flow. Because each process requires different skills, process departmentalization allows homogenous activities to be categorized. For example, the applicants might need to go through several departments namely validation, licensing and treasury, before receiving the driver’s license. Span of control: The span of control refers to number of employees that directly report to a single manager. Span of control determines the structure of an organization, a narrow span of control results in hierarchal organization while broad span of control leads to flat structure. Since management represents the activities that do not directly result in productivity, they are rather a overhead, span of control determines the additional operational cost. Quantitatively,  companywide overhead can be calculated by dividing the total number of management staff with the size of organization. Span of control formulation What is an optimal ratio of manger to direct reports without compromising the productivity? It is a fundamental problem in designing the structure of an organization; empirically this range is pretty wide, from 4 to 22 depending upon the nature of work. In 1933, V. A. Graicunas, a paris based consultant formulated the span of control based on number of direct and indirect relationships that a superior has to manage. Graicunas identified three types of relationships: 1. Number of direct relationships between manager and subordinate, it represents the span of control. 2. Number of peer-to-peer relationships, it represent issues due to interpersonal conflicts. Note that each pair of peers represent 2 relationships and not 1, if there are two subordinates, dick and jane, dick might have different concern for jane than jane’s concern for dick. Hence for a manger, they represent 2 different set of problems and not one. 3. Data analysis ; data presentation: Bangladesh Railway is one of the most efficient ; large departments of GOB. Since the Department was founded the size of the major rail network in Bangladesh has grown. The Department is headed by a Director General who is supported by a number of officers. The total number of personnel in the Department is almost 35,000. It’s a huge number for any organization. To control this kind of large organizations, one needs to have very strong Span of control or line of authority. BR has that. pic] After independence, the railway was first supervised by a Railway Board which was abolished in 1982. Thereafter, the BR came under the jurisdiction of the Railway Division of the Ministry of Communications with the Secretary of the Division working as the Director General of BR. In 1995, instead of being the part of the Ministry, BR came under control of a professional Director General supervised by the Bangladesh Railway Authority that is chaired by the Minister of Communications. As the part of the Bureaucracy, BRfollows the BURREAUCRATIC STRUCTURE, which refers to the Tall Organization. According to the concept it is appropriate for Bureaucratic Organizations. But, it causes some disadvantages too. DEPARTMENTALIZATION can be described as grouping employees on the basis of the similarity of expertise, knowledge. It enhances the success rate of an organization. As BR is a huge organization, it’s divided into several departments on the basis of the similar functions. BR is divided into two zones, East ; West, each under control of a general manager who is accountable to the Director General of Bangladesh Railway. The two zones have their separate departments or operation, maintenance, and finances. Each zone is divided into two divisions that contain departments for Personnel, Transportation, Commercial, Finance Mechanical, Way and Works Signaling ; Telecommunication, Electrical, Medical, etc. Each zone also has its Workshop Divisions, located at Pahartali and Saidpur, respectively. A locomotive workshop is located at Parbatipur for broad and metre gauge locomot ives. BR manages its own Railway Training Academy. A separate Directorate under the Ministry of Communications is charged to inspect different works of BR in relation to safety. Job Specialization is the process of performing a certain task which makes a person be in limited in performing other activities out of work she/he is specializes purposely. It enables employees to become very skilled ; productive at their assigned task. Another motive of departmentalization is to ensure job specialization. It is usually seen that every department of an organization is assigned to those functions or tasks at which they are expert. The downside of job specialization tends to be that people can only do one task. They aren’t trained to multitask or handle multiple areas of a workplace. As a result, when a critical expertise is lost, the process can suffer. Additionally, workers under job specialization don’t have a wide array of applicable skills, so it becomes hard for them to adapt to a new function or need in the organization. It creates monopoly this means after specialization certain field of work may lead into boredom to the worker. Efficient administration of BR is also hindered by lack of rules and regulations that have been approved by the Board but are awaiting Government approval as well. Which creates delay to the recruitment process. Conclusion: Removing the old shield, the whole world is intending to get more modernized. But still we are following the hundreds years old ‘Bureaucracy system’ which has caused nothing but losses. Being a Bureaucratic organization or part BR is no different. They are still following the traditional bureaucratic model with no flexibility. Everything in the organization prevails according to the law ; regulation. Job specialization or departmentalization is fixed. They can’t work out of it, even in an emergency. There is little chance for the subordinates to present their ideas or opinions by crossing seniors. They maintain a very strict line of authority, where managers have the supreme authority. This may be the traditional bureaucratic role. But it has to change according to the needs of this millennium. As like the private organizations RHD officials should be given more freedom, authorization to take faster decision. Only then the organizational goal of customer satisfaction can be achieved. Reference: 1. http://www. railway. gov. bd 2. Class lectures 3. Railway Information book 4. Mr. Ahsanullah Bhuiyan, Deputy Director, Bangladesh Railway. 5. Mr. Sarwar Alam, Asstt. Commercial Officer, Bangladesh Railway. [pic] How to cite Bd Railway, Papers

Research Proposal on Phonics Essay Example

Research Proposal on Phonics Essay Phonics is the method of the school learning of the language or more general in linguistics. The system of pronunciation is the methodology which teaches to read words dividing them into letters and phonemes and then vice versa create full syllables and words from phonemes and letters. The method of phonics was the substitution of the previous popular system called syllable reading based on the teaching practice based on the interpretation, not separate letters but syllables, for example, STU-DY. The method of phonics transferred this approach into such way of teaching: S-T-U-D-Y when the child observes every letter to catch the right order of the letter in the word. The method of phonics first appeared in Germany in the 19th century, and it is quite useful for the learning of the languages which possess the same pronunciation and writing of their words. For example, the German language is quite simple for reading, because the person reads the word letter for letter (the combinations of letters seldom create a single sound). We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Phonics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Phonics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Phonics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of phonics in the English language is quite a troublesome practice because the majority of the English words do not sound the same as they are written (for example, it is possible to confuse the words â€Å"night† and â€Å"knight†). The new way substituted the method of phonics called the Whole language, which is based on the understanding of the logical processes, spelling, and phonetics. So, the phonics is quite a useful approach towards the teaching of reading, but it should be applied to the learning of the languages which can accept the methodology without confusion and misunderstanding. Phonics is an interesting problem for the research for every student who is interested in pedagogy, linguistics, and phonetics in particular. The student can observe the issue of phonics and share his own opinion about the method with the professor writing a research proposal which dwells on the pluses and minuses of the methodology of the system. The young professional can focus on the points and aspects attractive to him and apply phonics in the brand new situations and practice. It is essential to provide the methods of the research of the paper and find the right sources to collect the reliable and up-to-date arguments. The student can prepare a worthy research proposal if he communicates with the expert or at least looks through a quality free example research proposal on phonics written by the well-trained writer online. The student can catch the entire process and manner of writing, the research approach and formatting of the text using a free sample research proposal on phonics observed by an expert adequately. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Phonics topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!